Each article augments Japanese words throughout its text. The vocabulary throughout the text is related to cooking, food, and flavor. Below each block of text will be a drop down menu that contains the meaning and reading of each word, Like this:
和食(わしょく) is a cuisine loved by people all over the world. Yet, most people don't know how to cook 和食 because they don't understand the 食材料(しょくざいりょう)in Japanese recipes.
和食(わしょく)
"Wa-shoku" – Japanese cuisine
和:わ:Japanese style; harmony
食:しょく:eat; food
食材料(しょくざいりょう)
"shokuzai-ryō"– ingredients
食:しょく:food; eat
材:ざい:lumber
料:りょう:materials
This dropdown menu can be used in your preferred study method. We recommend that you attempt to read through each section first without revealing the word meanings, and make educated guesses based on context clues. Then, reveal the word meanings and read the section once more using the drop list for reference.
This is of course completely up to you, as you might prefer to read each drop list first, before reading each section. There are no right or wrong ways to use this tool, although we DO suggest that you use some form of memorization. So try to keep the words hidden for as long as possible, or go off of memory or context for as long as you can, and don't be afraid to read a section more than once!
The 5 Basic 味
To understand 和食(わしょく), you have to start with the building blocks of 味 (あじ). While 和食 has a wide array of unique flavor profiles, the same five flavor profiles that all humans can perceive act as the basic pillars of 味付け(あじつけ). These profiles are:
Understanding the meaning of each kanji gives us deeper insight into how the Japanese people think about and prepare food. In this article, we'll explore each one to see how food defines language, and how language defines food. By the time you're done reading, you'll understand how learning about 味 in its source language will instantly change the way you cook Japanese food!
和食(わしょく)
"Washoku" – Japanese cuisine
和:わ:Japanese style; harmony
食:しょく:eat; food
味(あじ)
"aji" – flavor; taste
味付け(あじつけ)
"aji-tsuke" – flavor development
味:あじ:flavor; taste
付け:つけ:to add; to join; to fix
塩味(えんみ)
"enmi" – salty
塩:えん:salt
味:み:flavor; taste
甘味(かんみ)
"kanmi" – sweet
甘:かん:sweet
味:み:flavor; taste
酸味(さんみ)
"sanmi" – sour
酸:さん:acid
味:み:flavor; taste
旨味(うまみ)
"umami" – savory
旨:うま:savory; skilled; great
味:み:flavor; taste
苦味(にがみ)
"nigami" – bitter
苦:にが:bitter
味:み:flavor; taste
味 – The Life of Flavor
The Kanji for "flavor" is 味, read in its 訓読み(くんよみ)form as あじ.
In its transitive verb form, it becomes 味わう, which has several different meanings:
- to taste (e.g. food)
- to relish (e.g. pleasure)
- to experience (e.g. pain)
You might 1. 味わう a bowl of level 8 curry on the spiciness scale, 2. 味わう the aromatic torrent of exotic herbs and spices in the roux, and then 3. 味わうthe painful after effects of heart burn and indigestion for hours after.
In its 音読み(おんよみ) form, 味 is pronounced み and can be attached to the end of flavor profiles to denote a subjective level of taste sensitivity that might vary from person to person. For example, the 辛味(からみ)of the aforementioned curry might keep you tethered to the restroom for hours, while your buddy who lived in India for a year might not have even broken a sweat eating it.
訓読み(くんよみ)
"kunyomi" – the native Japanese reading of a kanji
訓:くん:instruction; native Japanese reading
読・み:よ・み:reading
音読み(くんよみ)
"onyomi" – the Chinese-derived reading of a kanji
音:おん:sound
読・み:よ・み:reading
辛味(からみ)
"karami" – spiciness (subjective)
辛:から:spicy
味:み:flavor
The Evolutionary Purpose of 味
According to scientific theory, humans have evolved with certain taste receptors for survival purposes. Each distinct 味 tells our brains something about the food we're tasting.
塩味 Enmi – Salty
塩味 tells us that a food is high in sodium, which is an important mineral for bodily functions. As with all 味, our 塩味 taste receptors also serve as moderators to tell us when the amount of 塩 is too high in a substance. Too much of a good thing is a bad thing, and if the 塩分(えんぶん)of a food is too 濃い(こい), our brains are telling us that this dose is a potential 毒性(どくせい). If you've ever had a shot of straight 醤油(しょうゆ)then you know exactly what we mean!
If you're feeling a bit salty about it, you can read in more detail here >>
塩分(えんぶん)
"enbun" – salt content; The amount of sodium in a food
塩:えん:salt
分:ぶん:portion
濃・い(こ・い)
"koi" – strong; dark; potent
毒性(どくせい)
"dokusei" – toxic; poisonous
毒:どく:poison; germ
性:せい:essential nature; gender
醤油(しょうゆ)
"shōyu" – soy sauce
醤:しょう:a kind of miso
油:ゆ:oil
甘味 Amami – Sweet
甘味 registers as a calorie-dense food, which was incredibly beneficial to us as a species before we figured out how to grow 野菜 (やさい)and 果物(くだもの). Calories are energy, which we needed to hunt 動物(どうぶつ)for their 肉(にく). In the plains, and forests, and coasts we used to hunt and gather, any form of 炭水化物(たんすいかぶつ)was a lifesaver. 甘味 told us that a food was high in them! This explains why we love 砂糖(さとう)so much, even though we eat so much of it that it makes us sick.
野菜(やさい)
"yasai" – vegetable
野:や:plains; field; rustic
菜:さい:vegetables; greens
果物(くだもの)
"kudamono" – fruit
果:くだ:fruit; reward
物:もの:thing; object
動物(どうぶつ)
"dōbutsu" – animals
動:どう:move; motion
物:ぶつ:thing; object
肉(にく)
"niku" – meat; flesh
炭水化物(たんすいかぶつ)
"tansui-kabutsu" – carbohydrates
炭:たん:charcoal
水:すい:water
化:か:change; take the form of
物:ぶつ:thing; object
砂糖(さとう)
"satō" – sugar
砂:さ:sand
糖:とう:sugar
酸味 Sanmi – Sour
酸味 alerts the brain that a substance may be 腐っている(くさっている), and thus may be dangerous to eat. Alternatively, it can detect foods high in vitamins and minerals that carry a 酸っぱい(すっぱい) flavor profile. In theory, the brain knows the difference between "good 酸味", such as the tartness in a handful of blueberries, and "bad 酸味", such as a slimy apple covered in green mold.
腐ってる(くさってる)
"kusatteru" – rotting; rotten
腐る:くさる:to rot; to go bad; to decay; to spoil
酸っぱい(すっぱい)
"suppai" – sour
旨味 Umami – Savory
旨味 is the 味 most recently recognized by science as an official taste that humans have the ability to perceive. It's abundant in all sorts of nutrient-rich foods, including sharp cheeses, tomatoes, and 肉. Evolutionarily, this food tells the brain that the food is a great source of 蛋白質(たんぱくしつ)and 脂肪質(しぼうしつ)which is why we find foods high in it so satisfying. 旨味 is a fascinating subject that we'll take a deep dive into on a (LATER SECTION), having first been recognized by a Japanese scientist in the early 1900s!
蛋白質(たんぱくしつ)
"tanpaku-shitsu" – protein
蛋:たん:egg white
白:ぱく:white
質:しつ:substance; quality
脂肪質(しぼうしつ)
"shibō-shitsu" – fat
脂:し:fat; grease; lard
肪:ぼう:obese; fat
質:しつ:substance; quality
苦味 Nigami – Bitter
苦味 receptors likely evolved to detect 毒性. In nature, 毒 is generally 苦い(にがい), in the same was that 酸味 usually means something is 腐ってる. This makes 苦味 one of the two 味 that mean 「注意!危険です!」(「ちゅうい!きけん です!」)to the human palate. It's through social learning that we can learn to like these 味, which explains why this writer drinks so much black coffee.
苦い(にがい)
"nigai" – bitter
注意(ちゅうい)
"chūi" – CAUTION
注:ちゅう:concentration; notes; to pour into
意:い:idea; mind; thought
危険(きけん)
"kiken" – danger; hazard
危:き:dangerous; fear
険:けん:steep place; sharp eyes; precipitous
味付け – Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
While the scientific theory behind WHY we can taste all the flavors sure is interesting, it's not going to teach us how to cook. To do that, we need to learn how to combine different 味 in different ways, and in different 量(りょう). This is the art and science of 味付け, and it's what makes 食べ物(たべもの)so much fun.
When combined well, the various 味 bolster each other and transform one another. Whole new profiles take form, and become greater than the sum of their parts. Season some 鶏もも(とりもも)with 塩 only, and it'll be palatable, if a bit boring. Season it with 砂糖 instead, and you'll have some rancid meat candy. Soak it in 酢, and it'll probably just tense up. However, combine all of these profiles in the right amount, add the right kind of heat and a few choice spices, and you have a succulent flavor bomb.
In the following articles We'll break down each of the 5 flavor profiles one by one using their Japanese translations. We'll take a look at:
- what each flavor profile does in 味付け
- how each one works when combined with the other flavor profiles
- examples of 調味料(ちょうみりょう)high in each flavor profile
- the multifaceted Japanese word meaning of each
量(りょう)
"ryō" – amount
食べ物(たべもの)
"tabemono" – food
食べ:たべ:food; eat
物:もの:thing; object
鶏もも(とりもも)
"torimomo" – chicken thigh
鶏:とり:chicken
もも:thigh
調味料(ちょうみりょう)
"chō-mi-ryō" – condiments
調:ちょう:tune; tone; arrange
味:み:flavor; taste
料:りょう:materials; fee
If you're ready to take your 味付け skills to the next level, then continue on to our first flavor profile, 塩味!(COMING SOON)
Well explained and easy to understand.
Thank you Mary!